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Evolution Korea South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist tendencies. It's still better than we had hoped for. The country is seeking a new way of developing. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relations continues influence society. There are signs of a secularist cultural trend forming. Origins In prehistoric times the ancestors of modern Koreans lived on hunting and gathering wild food. About 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet and beans as well as other crops. They also raised livestock and produced furs. They established tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metallurgy business, making bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced celadon, paper making, block printing art styles, as well as writing to Japan. In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was founded on the southern part of the peninsula. please click for source embraced Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this time the people of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure with a monarch and high-ranking officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the rest of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from the citizens and often required them to fight in the army or participate in government projects such as building fortifications. At the end of this period the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest of the peninsula, and clashed against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje adopted Confucian ideas into its state belief system in 1390 CE, and introduced the male-centric concept of filiopiety a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They must be obedient to everyone and respected by their grandchildren and children. Goryeo, a nation that was ruled from 918 to 1392 CE in the year 1392 CE, introduced to the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the patterns created by the mouth while pronouncing. This greatly improved communication and led to a boom in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and movable type were also refined. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi, also known as 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first recorded in 1145 CE. Development in Korea The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times. Early evidence for human settlements is evident in the form of graves lined with stones, with precious items like amazonite jewelry being buried along with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens and built of large stones in a single piece, are widespread throughout the country. In the first part of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. The peninsula was then controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern region of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom, which historians do not consider to be a genuine Korean state. After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. In all of them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all, but its dynasty ended by the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE, leaving Baekje with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy thrived for some time. The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to work together to expand their territories. In the final phase, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated all other states and united the peninsula in 935 CE. As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase, its development paradigm appears to be in flux. People who are shocked by the enormous costs of the old systems are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of labor, capital and markets for products. On the other hand the people who support the old system attempt to preserve it through nationalist sentiments and by inflating fears about potential job loss. The academic and policy analysts remain sharply divided on the extent to the extent that these two trends are driving Koreas development towards an entirely new model of economic governance. This article examines the five phases of Korea's development in terms of its political development that include democratically illiberal democracies (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article also highlights the most important factors that are the driving force behind these developments. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made significant progress in promoting their views to this segment. A survey from 2009 showed that almost one-third of respondents didn't believe in evolution. Of those, 41% claimed that there wasn't enough scientific evidence to support evolution 39% claimed that the theory was in contradiction to their religious beliefs and 17% said it was difficult to comprehend. This level of doubt is similar to that in the United States, where a similar percentage of people do not accept that humans evolved from earlier species of life. In the past, the majority of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on educating college students and in bringing them to Christ. An increase in interest in creation science came in the year 1980, following a four-day seminar held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. The event was attended by a large number of church leaders, and scientists. The success of this event led to the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The inaugural event was widely reported in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it received wide attention. KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, in which it reported on its activities and published articles about scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR and a few books on creationism that were already in print outside of Korea. KACR members lectured throughout the nation in universities and churches. A KACR success was observed at KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were interested in creationism, they raised money and secured funding to construct a small museum dedicated to creation on campus. In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly publication called CREATION. The magazine covers a variety of topics that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established branches in local offices that give talks and seminars to children and other community groups. Changes in South Korea In the late 19th century and into the early the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other fashion elements from overseas. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. In the period of this transition the famous samulnori, also known as dance-dramas with masks were extremely popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drummers and other musical instruments. The economic crisis has formed Korea's new paradigm of development. The main challenge for the new regime is to strike an equilibrium between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also involves changing the incentives monitoring and discipline schemes that have been a part of the pre-crisis system. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4. Baekje, founded by Onjo Prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions, as well as migrants from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. Consequently, it came into frequent confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies across the border. The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He was the ruler of a large portion of today's Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He was an adversary to Goguryeo. His rule was however only for a short time. After Gungye's defeat, he was overthrown by a powerful local leader Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later, Baekje was peacefully integrated into Goryeo as a successor state. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central ruling system. This marked the end to the Three Kingdoms Period. The Korean peninsula was then ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually developed into powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.